Heat transfer characteristics of deionized water-based graphene nanofluids in helical coiled heat exchanger for waste heat recovery of combustion stack gas

Heat transfer phenomena of a fully developed laminar flow of deionized water-based graphene nanofluids (DI-water/GNPs) in vertical helical coils for heat recovery of combustion stack gas was carried out with different helical coil dimensions. The GNPs particle concentrations were 0.05 and 0.08% by weight and the calculation of experimental heat transfer data was based on…